ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ИСТОРИЯ, ДИАЛОГ, БУДУЩЕЕ

Проблема цивилизаций — их прошлое и будущее, динамика и взаимодействие — занимает ключевое место в общественных науках и социально-политической жизни XXI века.

В монографии читатель найдет оригинальную трактовку те­ории цивилизаций, циклично-генетических закономерностей их динамики, диалога и взаимодействия, обоснование закона сжатия исторического времени. В цивилизационном ракур­се исследуются демографические, природно-экологические, технологические, экономические, социально-политические, духовные факторы развития общества. История и будущее цивилизаций излагаются по трем историческим суперциклам. Впервые проведены клиометрические измерения динамики цивилизаций, ситуационный анализ и прогноз места России в геоцивилизационном пространстве XXI века.

Монография будет интересна не только ученым, аспиран­там, студентам, но и государственным, политическим и обще­ственным деятелям, всем переживающим за судьбы страны и человечества.

ТОМ I. ТЕОРИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Оглавление

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ. А.Д. Некипелов. Новое слово

в общественных науках

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Новый век — новое видение прошлого

и будущего

Часть ПЕРВАЯ. ТЕОРИЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Глава 1. Становление и развитие теории цивилизаций

■ 1.1. Цивилизации: от многомерной реальности к научным категориям 1.2. Формирование теории цивилизаций 1.3. Теории цивилизаций XX века 1.4. Современные российс­кие цивилизационные школы 1.5. Основы теории цивили­заций 1.5.1. Понятие и виды цивилизаций 1.5.2. Струк­тура цивилизаций 1.5.3. Развертывание цивилизаций во времени ■ 1.5.4. Распространение цивилизаций в про­странстве ■ 1.5.5.

Глава 2. Цивилизационные циклы и кризисы

■ 2.1. Закономерности цикличной динамики социальных систем 2.2. Циклы и кризисы в динамике локальных циви­лизаций 2.3. Цикличность динамики мировых цивилизаций

■ 2.4. Исторические суперциклы в развитии глобальной цивилизации

Глава 3. Цивилизационная социогенетика

■ 3.1. Социогенетика — вершина познания закономерностей динамики общества ■ 3.2. Наследственность: социальный генотип цивилизаций ■ 3.3. Изменчивость: трансформации цивилизационного генотипа 3.4. Отбор: механизм развития и смены цивилизаций

Глава 4. Диалог цивилизаций

■ 4.1. Содержание диалога цивилизаций и его место в систе­ме цивилизационных взаимодействий 4.2. Сферы диалога и взаимодействия локальных цивилизаций 4.3. Институты диалога цивилизаций

Часть ВТОРАЯ. ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СТРУКТУРЫ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Глава 5. Природно-экологические циклы и кризисы

в эволюции цивилизаций

■ 5.1. Природный фактор возникновения и эволюции циви­лизаций ■ 5.2. Спираль экологических циклов и кризисов

■ 5.3. Экологическое будущее цивилизаций ■ 5.4. Эко­логическое будущее России 5.5. На пути к ноосферной цивилизации

Глава 6. Демографическая основа трансформации циви­лизаций

■ 6.1. Классификация демографических циклов 6.2. Ис­торические тенденции цикличной динамики численности населения ■ 6.3. Демографические вызовы XXI века 6.4. Демографические угрозы для России

Глава 7. Инновационно-технологические циклы и кризисы: цивилизационный аспект

■ 7.1. Технологии в структуре и динамике цивилизаций

■ 7.2. Этапы технологической эволюции цивилизаций

■ 7.3. Инновационные волны XX века 7.4. Инновационный прорыв в технологическое будущее цивилизаций

Глава 8. Цикличность экономической динамики цивилизаций

■ 8.1. Палитра экономических циклов и кризисов 8.2.

■ 8.3. Структурная динамика экономики цивилизаций

■ 8.4. Циклы и кризисы в экономике цивилизаций XXI века

■ 8.5. Механизмы воспроизводства и инновационного об­новления ресурсов

Глава 9. Цикличная динамика социально-политического строя, революций и войн: цивилизационный разрез

■ 9.1. Цивилизационная динамика социальной стратифика­ции и мобильности 9.2. Государственно-правовые циклы, кризисы и трансформации 9.3. Революции в цивилиза­ционной динамике 9.4. Войны в структуре и динамике цивилизаций

Глава 10. Цикличная динамика духовной сферы цивилизаций

■ 10.1. Ключевая роль духовной сферы в структуре и ди­намике цивилизаций 10.2. Научные революции и кризисы

■ 10.3. Цикличность в динамике культуры ■ 10.4. Обра­зовательные циклы и революции в образовании ■ 10.5. Динамика системы цивилизационных ценностей

Часть ТРЕТЬЯ. ИСТОРИЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Глава 11. Цивилизации древности

■ 11.1. Предпосылки и факторы возникновения цивилизаций

■ 11.1.1. Предыстория цивилизаций 11.1.2. Неолитичес­кая цивилизация ■ 11.1.3. Раннеклассовая цивилизация (бронзовый век) 11.1.4. Античная мировая цивилизация (железный век) 11.2. Динамика структуры мировых ци­вилизаций древности 11.2.1. Человек, семья, население древних обществ 11.2.2. Техника и экология в Древнем мире 11.2.3. Экономика древних цивилизаций ■ 11.2.4. Становление социально-политической структуры общества

■ 11.2.5. Духовная жизнь древних обществ 11.3. Ло­кальные цивилизации в Древнем мире ■ 11.3.1 Первые поколения локальных цивилизаций 11.3.2. Цивилизации Средиземноморья ■ 1.3.3. Древние цивилизации Востока

■ 11.3.4. Древние цивилизации на территории Западной и Восточной Европы ■ 11.3.5. Цивилизации доколумбовой Америки ■ 11.4. Диалог и взаимодействие первых двух поколений цивилизаций

Глава 12. Цивилизации второго исторического суперцикла

■ 12.1.

Раннеиндустриальная цивилизация ■ 12.1.3. Индустриаль­ная цивилизация 12.2. Динамика структуры цивилизаций второго суперцикла 12.2.1. Рост численности населения, потребностей и способностей человека 12.2.2. Технологи­ческие перевороты 12.2.3. Экономические трансформации

■ 12.2.4. Эволюция социально-политической системы 12.2.5. Динамика духовной сферы 12.3. Эволюция и взаимодей­ствие цивилизаций 3-го и 4-го поколений 12.3.1. Динамика цивилизаций Востока ■ 12.3.2. Доминирование западной цивилизации 2.3.3. Диалог и взаимодействие цивилизаций 3-го и 4-го поколений

Глава 13. Цивилизационная динамика на севере Евразии

■ 13.1. Ритмы динамики цивилизаций в регионе 13.1.1. Неолит

■ 13.1.2. Бронзовый век 13.1.3. Железный век 13.1.4. Вос­точнославянская цивилизация 13.1.5. Владимиро-Суздальская Русь и Московское царство (российская цивилизация) 13.1.6. Становление евразийской цивилизации 13.1.7. Судьба ев­разийской цивилизации в XXI веке ■ 13.2. Северное При­черноморье — пространство взаимодействия цивилизаций

■ 13.2.1. Пространства взаимодействия цивилизаций 13.2.2.

Волны взаимодействия цивилизаций. Первая волна (VI-IV вв. до н.э.) 13.2.3. Вторая волна взаимодействия (III в. до н.э. —

IV в. н.э.) 13.2.4. Третья волна взаимодействия (VI-IX вв.)

■ 13.2.5. Четвертая волна взаимодействия (X-XIV вв.) 13.2.6.

Пятая волна взаимодействия (XV-XVIII вв.) 13.2.7. Шестая волна взаимодействия (XIX-XX вв.) 13.2.8. Начало седьмой волны взаимодействия (XXI в.) 13.3. Динамика евразийской

цивилизации в индустриальную эпоху

ТОМ II. БУДУЩЕЕ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ И ГЕОЦИВИЛИЗАЦИОННЫЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ

Оглавление

Часть ЧЕТВЕРТАЯ. БУДУЩЕЕ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Глава 14. Контуры цивилизаций XXI века

■ 14.1. У истоков третьего исторического суперцикла 14.2. Сущность постиндустриальной цивилизации 14.3. Транс­формация структуры цивилизаций 14.3.1.

■ 14.3.4. Глобализация и трансформация экономики 14.3.5. Преобразования в социально-политической и государствен­но- правовой сферах 14.3.6. Становление интегрального социокультурного строя 14.4. Перспективы динамики и взаимодействия локальных цивилизаций 5-го поколения

■ 14.4.1. Вызов глобализации и ответ цивилизаций 14.4.2. Трансформация локальных цивилизаций 5-го поколения

■ 14.4.3. Перспективы динамики локальных цивилизаций в XXI веке 14.4.4. Сценарии взаимодействия цивилизаций в XXI веке

Глава 15. Глобальная цивилизация: новые вызовы

■ 15.1. Новые вызовы для глобальной цивилизации в XXI веке

■ 15.2. На пути к Всемирной конфедерации государств и ци­вилизаций 15.3. Два взгляда на будущее мира: приглашение к дискуссии ■ 15.4. Цивилизации XXI века в зеркале футуро- синергетики 15.4.1. Принципы футуросинергетики 15.4.2. Эволюционное пространство XXI века 15.4.3. Система потен­циальных бифуркаций XXI века 15.4.4. Критерии устойчиво­го развития цивилизаций 15.4.5. Эволюция и взаимодействие цивилизаций 15.4.6. Западная цивилизация 15.4.7. Евра­зийская цивилизация 15.4.8. Свобода или необходимость?

Глава 16. Россия в геоцивилизационном пространстве XXI века

■ 16.1. Ситуационный анализ и прогноз геоцивилизационной динамики России ■ 16.2. Кластер критических ситуаций в динамике России к началу XXI века 16.3. Прогноз реше­ния кластера критических ситуаций в XXI веке 16.4. Рос­сийская наука в геоцивилизационном пространстве XXI века

■ 16.4.1. Кризис современной науки 16.4.2. Пессимистич­ный сценарий будущего российской науки 16.4.3. Опти­мистичный сценарий развития российской науки 16.4.4. Место России в мировом научном сообществе

Часть ПЯТАЯ. ГЕОЦИВИЛИЗАЦИОННЫЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ

Глава 17. Клиометрические измерения динамики цивилизаций

■ 17.1. Клиометрия как метод исторических исследований

■ 17.2.

Глава 18. Измерения динамики цивилизаций: геоцивилизационная матрица

■ 18.1. Методология измерения динамики цивилизаций

■ 18.2. Измерения динамики цивилизаций Европы и севера Евразии ■ 18.2.1. Динамика населения и ВВП ■ 18.2.2. Греко-римская и византийская цивилизации 18.2.3. Запад­ноевропейская цивилизация ■ 18.2.4. Восточноевропейская цивилизация 18.2.5. Восточнославянская (евразийская) ци­вилизация ■ 18.2.6. Сводная оценка динамики цивилизаций Европы и севера Евразии 18.3. Измерения динамики циви­лизаций Азии и Африки 18.3.1. Тенденции динамики на­селения и ВВП 18.3.2. Индийская цивилизация 18.3.3. Китайская цивилизация ■ 18.3.4. Японская цивилизация

■ 18.3.5. Буддийская цивилизация 18.3.6. Мусульманская цивилизация 18.3.7. Монгольская цивилизация 18.3.8. Африканская цивилизация 18.3.9. Сводная оценка дина­мики цивилизаций Азии и Африки 18.4. Измерения дина­мики цивилизаций Америки и Океании 18.4.1. Тенденции динамики цивилизаций Америки и Океании 18.4.2. Доко- лумбовы цивилизации Америки 18.4.3. Североамерикан­ская цивилизация 18.4.4. Латиноамериканская цивилиза­ция ■ 18.4.5. Цивилизация Океании ■ 18.4.6. Сводная оценка динамики цивилизаций Америки и Океании 18.5. Сводная интегральная оценка динамики цивилизаций мира

Глава 19. Стратегические матрицы динамики цивилизаций Востока

■ 19.1. Стратегическая матрица Индии ■ 19.1.1. Индия

в древности (до II в. н.э.) 19.1.2. Средние века и новая исто­рия Индии (VI — середина XIX в.) 19.1.3. Период независи­мости (с 1947 г.) 19.1.4. Перспективы Индии в XXI веке

■ 19.2. Стратегическая матрица Китая ■ 19.2.1. Древний

Китай ■ 19.2.2. Китай в Средние века (конец VI — начало XVII в.) 19.2.3. Новая история Китая (XVII — начало XX в.)

■ 19.2.4. Новейшая история Китая (с 1949 г.) 19.2.5. Пер­

спективы Китая в XXI веке 19.3. Стратегическая матрица Японии 19.3.1. Древняя Япония (III-VII вв.) 19.3.2. Япония в Средние века (VII — вторая половина XIX в.) 19.3.3. Новая

история Японии (1868-1945 гг.) 19.3.4. Новейшая история Японии (1945-2004 гг.) ■ 19.3.5. Перспективы Японии в XXI веке 19.4. Стратегическая матрица Ирана 19.4.1. Древняя Персия (558-359 гг. до н.э.) ■ 19.4.2. Персия в эпоху кризиса рабовладельческих отношений (226-651 гг. н.э.)

■ 19.4.3. Персия в Средние века (середина VII — начало

X в.) ■ 19.4.4. Иран под властью монгольских ханов и в послемонгольский период (XIII-XV вв.) 19.4.5. Персия в Новое время (середина XVI — конец XIX в.) 19.4.6. Иран

в период Первой и Второй мировых войн 19.4.7. Иран в сере­дине и конце XX века 19.4.8. Перспективы Ирана в XXI веке

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Ритмы динамики цивилизаций

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1. Резолюция Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН «Глобальная повестка дня для диалога между цивилизациями»

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2. Всеобщая декларация ЮНЕСКО о культур­ном разнообразии

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3. Концепция становления многополярного мира на началах диалога и партнерства цивилизаций ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 4. Герберт Уэллс о создании Всемирного государства

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 5. Первая книга по теории цивилизаций.

А.Л. Метлинский «О сущности цивилизации и значении ее элементов»

ТОМ III. СЕВЕРНОЕ ПРИЧЕРНОМОРЬЕ — ПРОСТРАНСТВО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЙ

Наряду с локальными цивилизациями существуют и про­странства их взаимодействия. Наиболее ярким примером та­кого пространства является Северное Причерноморье — поле взаимодействия цивилизаций и народов в течение более двух с половиной тысячелетий.

В книге впервые излагаются теоретические основы и история развития пространств взаимодействия цивилиза­ций, рассматриваются основные этапы развития и взаимо­действия цивилизаций и народов в Северном Причерномо­рье в эпохи неолита и бронзового века, в периоды греческой колонизации, римского и византийского влияния, преобла­дания восточнославянской, мусульманской и евразийской цивилизаций. Приводятся конкретные примеры взаимо­действия цивилизаций — от диалога и сотрудничества до противодействия и военных столкновений. Дается обзор археологических экспозиций этого периода в музеях России и Украины. Публикуются материалы научно-цивилизацион­ной экспедиции по Северному Причерноморью, состоявшей­ся в июле 2005 г. В книге удачно сочетаются творческий научный поиск, научно-исторические статьи археологов и музейных работников и эмоциональные путевые заметки участников экспедиции. Перед читателем открываются ув­лекательные картины непростых отношений между цивили­зациями и культурами на просторах Нижнего Дона и Приа­зовья, Тамани, Крыма, Южного Побужья, Северо-Западного и Северо-Восточного Причерноморья.

Книга рассчитана на широкий круг читателей — препода­вателей и студентов, учителей и школьников, ученых, краеве­дов, туроператоров и туристов — всех, кто интересуется исто­рией цивилизаций и их взаимодействий.

Оглавление

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ (В.И. Гуляев)

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Глава 1. Пространства взаимодействия цивилизаций: теория и история

1.1. Динамика цивилизаций во времени и пространстве

■ 1.1.1. Многомерность цивилизаций 1.1.2. Развертыва­ние цивилизаций во времени 1.1.3. Распространение ци­вилизаций в пространстве (география цивилизаций) 1.2. Пространства взаимодействия цивилизаций 1.2.1. Неиз­бежность и сущность пространств взаимодействия цивили­заций 1.2.2. Функции пространств взаимодействия циви­лизаций 1.3. Исторические ступени развития пространств взаимодействия цивилизаций 1.3.1. Поля взаимодействий цивилизаций первых поколений ■ 1.3.2. Взаимодействие цивилизаций третьего поколения ■ 1.3.3. Пространства взаимодействия цивилизаций четвертого поколения 1.3.4. Перспективы пространств взаимодействия цивилизаций в XXI веке

Глава 2. Предпосылки и истоки цивилизационного развития на территории Северного Причерноморья

2.1. Верхний палеолит и мезолит в Северном Причерноморье

■ 2.1.1. Географические границы Северного Причерноморья

■ 2.1.2. Природно-экологические и демографические циклы

■ 2.1.3. Первые шаги эволюции общества в Северном При­черноморье ■ 2.1.4. Поздний палеолит 2.1.5. Период мезолита ■ 2.2. Неолитическая революция и взаимодей­ствие племен в Северном Причерноморье 2.2.1. Неолити­ческая революция ■ 2.2.2. Неолитическая революция и памятники неолита в Северном Причерноморье ■ 2.3. Бронзовый век в Северном Причерноморье 2.3.1. Теоре­тические выводы о становлении локальных цивилизаций

■ 2.3.2. Энеолит в Северном Причерноморье 2.3.3. Хро­нологические рамки и этапы бронзового века 2.3.4. При­родно-климатические условия 2.3.5. Население и рассе­ление 2.3.6. Орудия труда и технологии бронзового века

■ 2.3.7. Экономический способ производства 2.3.8. Вож­дистские общества и войны 2.3.9. Духовный мир общества в бронзовом веке

Глава 3. Взаимодействие цивилизаций в Северном Причерноморье в эпоху античности (VII в. до н.э. - V в. н.э.)

3.1. Теоретические вопросы взаимодействия греческих колоний с местными народами и племенами 3.2. Скифы Северного Причерноморья в VII-IV вв. до н.э. (В.И. Гуляев).

■ 3.2.1. Появление и происхождение скифов 3.2.2. Коче­вой образ жизни. 3.2.3. Столкновение скифов с персид­ской цивилизацией 3.2.4. Великая Скифия 3.2.5. Взаи­моотношения скифов с другими племенами и греческими

городами 3.2.6. Искусство скифов 3.3. Греческая ко­лонизация Северного Причерноморья (Е.М. Алексеева) 3.4. Фанагория: греческий город в варварской земле (В.Д. Кузне­цов) 3.5. Историческая роль античных государств Северно­го Причерноморья (Д.Б. Шелов) 3.6. Великое наследие и связь времен (Е.Ф. Редина)

Глава 4. Взаимодействие цивилизаций третьего и четвер­того поколений в Северном Причерноморье (VI-ХХ вв.)

4.1. Взаимодействие цивилизаций в Северном Причерномо­рье в Средние века (VI-XIV вв.) 4.1.1. Взаимодействие цивилизаций в период становления Средневековья 4.1.2. Русский каганат. Тмутаракань 4.1.3. Влияние византийской цивилизации в Северном Причерноморье ■ 4.2. Золотая Орда, Крымское ханство и генуэзские колонии 4.3. Евра­зийская и мусульманская цивилизации в борьбе за Северное Причерноморье в раннеиндустриальную эпоху 4.4. Взаи­модействие цивилизаций в Северном Причерноморье в ин­дустриальную эпоху 4.4.1. Шестая волна взаимодействия цивилизаций ■ 4.4.2. Крымская война как столкновение цивилизаций. 4.4.3. Первая мировая и Гражданская войны

■ 4.4.4. Великая Отечественная война и Ялтинская конфе­ренция ■ 4.5. Перспективы взаимодействия цивилизаций в Северном Причерноморье в постиндустриальную эпоху

Глава 5. Северное Причерноморье во взаимодействии цивилизаций и племен: взгляд археологов

5.1. Приазовье и Прикубанье ■ 5.1.1. Между Востоком и Западом: варварский и античный мир Подонья-Приазовья (В.Е. Максименко) 5.1.2. Город Азов во взаимодействии цивилизаций (Н.М. Фомичев) ■ 5.1.3. Дон и Приазовье в античной мифологии (С.И. Лукьяшко) 5.1.4. Историчес­кое прошлое Северо-Восточного Приазовья. Древности Ми­усского полуострова. Таганрогское поселение (А.Л. Бойко)

■ 5.1.5. Таганрог и Северное Приазовье ■ Таганрогское поселение — кремны на Меотийском озере (М.В. Герасимен­ко) Скифы и сарматы в Приазовье (II в. до н.э. - IV в. н.э.) (Н.М. Клеопатро) ■ Приазовье в эпоху Золотой Орды (Н.М. Клеопатро) ■ 5.1.6. Греческий полис Горгиппия (Е.М. Алексеева) ■ 5.1.7. Гермонасса. Взаимоотношения античных традиций и варварской культуры (С.И. Финогено­ва) ■ 5.1.8. Археологические памятники в районе Сочи

■ Каменный век (В.Н.Розов) Бронзовый век (В.Н.Розов)

■ Железный век (В.Н.Розов) Средневековая эпоха (В.Н. Розов) Адыги (Т.В. Половинкина) Памятники Средневе­ковой эпохи (А.В. Гусева) Присоединение Черноморского побережья Кавказа к России. 1829-1864 гг. (В.Г. Антонюк)

■ 5.2. От Пантикапея до Херсонеса 5.2.1. Пантикапей — столица Боспорского царства (В.П. Толстиков) ■ 5.2.2. Боспорские города Керченского полуострова (О.Ю. Соколо­ва) Порфмий Нимфей Мирмекий Тиритака Китей■ Акра 5.2.3. «Мирмекский клад» (А.М. Бутякин) 5.2.4. Древняя и средневековая Феодосия (Е.А. Айбабина) 5.2.5. Феодосийский краеведческий музей (Е.А. Айбабина) 5.2.6. На границе эллинского и варварского миров: погребение «царицы» в Ногайчинском кургане (Ю.П. Зайцев, В.И. Морд- винцева) ■ 5.3. Херсонес, Чембало и Керкинитида 5.3.1. Херсонес-Херсон-Корсунь: памятник цивилизации (В.М. Зу- барь). 5.3.2. Средневековая крепость Чембало (Балаклава) (С.Б. Адаксина, В.П. Кирилко, В.Л. Мыц) 5.3.3. Керкинити­да и Западный Крым в античную эпоху (С.Б. Ланцов) 5.3.4. Усть-Альминский позднескифский некрополь в Юго-Запад­ном Крыму (Ю.П. Зайцев) 5.4. Пещерные города и кре­пости ■ 5.4.1. Мангуп — столица княжества Феодоро (А.А. Волошинов, Т.В. Волошинова) 5.4.2. Святилице на Гурзуфском Седле (Н.Г. Новиченкова) 5.5. Симферополь и Бахчисарай 5.5.1. Неаполь Скифский: взгляд археолога (Ю.П. Зайцев) 5.5.2. Бахчисарай: народы, века и традиции (А.А. Волошинов, Т.В. Волошинова) 5.5.3. Народы Крыма в материалах из собрания Крымского республиканского краеведческого музея (Л.Н. Храпунова) 5.5.4. Татарское народное искусство в диалоге культур (Н.М. Акчурина-Муф- тиева) ■ 5.6. Ольвия и Тира 5.6.1. Ольвия Понтийская (В.В. Крапивина) ■ 5.6.2. Древняя Тира: взаимодействие греческой колонии с племенами Северо-Западного Причер­номорья (Т.Л. Самойлова)

Глава 6. Научно-цивилизационная экспедиция по Северному Причерноморью

6.1. Замысел и цели экспедиции (А.Г. Федоров) 6.2. На Нижнем Подонье 6.2.1. Ростов-на-Дону. Ростовский кра­еведческий музей 6.2.2. Сергей Викторович Гуркин 6.2.3. Танаис 6.2.4. Донские варяги. Аксай 6.2.5. Азов 6.3. Горгиппия, Гермонасса и Фанагория 6.3.1. Анапа 6.3.2. Тамань, Тмутаракань 6.3.3. Фанагория — Мекка археоло­гов ■ 6.4. Боспорское царство: Пантикапей и Феодосия ■

6.4.1. Переправа 6.4.2. Керчь-Пантикапей 6.4.3. Феодо- сия-Кафа 6.5. Судак и Ялта. Крепость и дворцы 6.5.1. Переход на яхте из Феодосии в Судак 6.5.2. Судак. Гену­эзская крепость 6.5.3. Старая закваска 6.5.4. Ночной маршрут ■ 6.5.5. Ялтинский музей 6.5.6. Массандра ■ 6.5.7. Воронцовский дворец 6.5.8. Ливадия 6.5.9. Двор­цы Юсуповых в Крыму (Н.В. Глушенкова) 6.5.10. Ласточ­кино гнездо 6.6. Херсонес и Севастополь 6.6.1. Херсо­нес ■ 6.6.2. Севастополь. Панорама ■ 6.7. Пещерные города и крепости в Горном Крыму 6.7.1. Мангуп 6.7.2. Экски-Кермен ■ 6.7.3. Юрий Петрович Зайцев 6.8. Неа­поль Скифский и Бахчисарай 6.8.1. Симферополь. Крым­ские археологи 6.8.2. Неаполь Скифский 6.8.3. Таври­ческий краеведческий музей

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Уроки прошлого и взгляд на будущее

CIVILIZATIONS: THEORY, HISTORY, DIALOGUE AND THE FUTURE

The issue of civilizations — their past and future, dynamics and interaction — are among the overriding problems of social sciences and socio-political life of the 21st century. The book of known Russian scientists B. N. Kuzyk, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, and Yu.V. Yakovets, Academician of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, is devoted to these matters.

The reader will find an original treatment of the theory of civi­lizations, cyclical-genetic regularities of their dynamics, dialogue and interaction, substantiation of historic time compression law. In a civilizational aspect the demographic, natural-ecological, technological, economic, socio-political, spiritual factors of so­ciety's development are investigated. The history and the future of civilizations are expounded along three historical super cycles. For the first time the cliometric measurements of the global, world and local civilizational dynamics have been made using a geocivilizational matrix and supplemented by a situation analysis, including a forecast of the place of Russia in a geocivilizational space of the 21st century.

This treatise appeals not only to scientists, post-graduates, students, but also to statesmen, politicians and public figures, to everybody who feels concern for the foredoom of the country and humankind.

VOLUME I. THEORY AND HISTORY

OF CIVILIZATIONS

Contents

FOREWORD A Step Forward in Social Sciences A.D. Nekipelov INTRODUCTION New Century — New Vision of the Past and the Future

PART I. THEORY OF CIVILIZATIONS

Chapter 1. Emergence and Development

of the Theory of Civilizations

■ 1.1. Civilizations: from the Multi-Dimensional Reality to Sci­entific Categories 1.2. Formation of the Theory of Civilizations

■ 1.3. Theories of Civilizations of the 20th Century 1.4. Con­temporary Russian Civilizational Schools 1.5. Essentials of the Theory of Civilizations 1.5.1. Concept and Types of Civilizations

■ 1.5.2. Structure of Civilizations 1.5.3. Evolution of Civiliza­tions in Time 1.5.4. Diffusion of Civilizations in Space 1.5.5. Civilizational Approach to History and Futureof Humanity 1.5.6. Place of the Theory of Civilizations in the System of Sciences

Chapter 2. Civilizational Cycles and Crises

■ 2.1. Regularities in Cyclical Dynamics of Social Systems

■ 2.2. Cycles and Crises in Dynamics of Local Civilizations

■ 2.3. Cyclicity in Dynamics of World Civilizations 2.4. Histori­cal Super Cycles in the Development of the Global Civilization

Chapter 3. Civilizational Sociogenetics

■ 3.1. Sociogenetics as the Cognition Top of Regularities in the Dynamics of Society 3.2. Heredity: Social Genotype of Civilizations

■ 3.3. Variability: Transformation of the Civilization Genotype 3.4. Selection: Mechanism of Development and Change of Civilizations

Chapter 4. Dialogue among Civilizations:

Theory, Spheres and Institutions

■ 4.1.Content of the Dialogue among Civilizations and Its Place in the System of Their Interaction 4.2. Spheres of Dialogue and Interaction among Local Civilizations 4.3. Institutions for the Dialogue among Civilizations

PART II. TRANSFORMATIONS

OF THE CIVILIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Chapter 5. Natural-Ecological Cycles and Crises

in the Evolution of Civilizations

■ 5.1. Natural Factor in Emergence and Evolution of Civilizations

■ 5.2. Spiral of Ecological Cycles and Crises 5.3. Ecological Future of Civilizations 5.4. Ecological Future of Russia 5.5. On the Path to the Noospheric Civilization

Chapter 6. Demographic Basis

for Transformation of Civilizations

■ 6.1. Classification of Demographic Cycles 6.2. Historical Trends in Cyclical Dynamics of Population Numbers 6.3. De­mographic Challenges of the 21st Century 6.4. Demographic

Threats to Russia

Chapter 7. Innovative-Technological Cycles and Crises: a Civilizational Aspect

■ 7.1. Technologies in the Structure and Dynamics of Civiliza­tions ■ 7.2. Stages of Technological Evolution of Civilizations

■ 7.3. Innovative Waves of the 20th Century 7.4. Innovative Breakthrough to Technological Future of Civilizations

Chapter 8. Cyclicity of Economic Dynamics of Civilizations

■ 8.1. The Gamut of Economic Cycles and Crises 8.2. Eco­nomic Cycles and Crises in the Dynamics of Civilizations 8.3. Structural Dynamics of Economy of Civilizations 8.4. Cycles and Crises in the Economy of Civilizations of the 21st Century

■ 8.5. Reproduction and Innovative Renovation Mechanisms of Resources

Chapter 9. Cyclical Dynamics of the Socio-Political System, Revolutions and Warfare

■ 9.1. Civilizational Dynamics of Social Stratification and Mobility ■ 9.2. State-Legal Cycles, Crises and Transfor­mations ■ 9.3. Revolutions in the Civilizational Dynamics

■ 9.4. Warfare in the Structure and Dynamics of Civilizations Chapter 10. Cyclical Dynamics of the Spiritual

Sphere of Civilizations

■ 10.1. Key Role of the Spiritual Sphere in the Structure and Dy­namics of Civilizations 10.2. Scientific Revolutions and Crises

■ 10.3. Cyclicity in the Dynamics of Culture 10.4. Educational Cycles and Revolutions in Education 10.5. Dynamics of the System of Civilizational Values

PART III. HISTORY OF CIVILIZATIONS

Chapter 11. Civilizations of the Antiquity

■ 11.1. Preconditions and Factors for the Emergence of Civi­lizations ■ 11.1.1. Prehistory of Civilizations 11.1.2. The Neolithic Civilizations 11.1.3. Early Class Civilization (the Bronze Age) 11.1.4. The Ancient World Civilization (the Iron Age) 11.2. Dynamics of the Structure of the World Civiliza­tions of Antiquity 11.2.1. Man, Family, Population of Early Societies ■ 11.2.2. Technology and Ecology in the Antiquity

■ 11.2.3. Economy of Early Civilizations 11.2.4. Formation of the Social and Political Structure of Society 11.2.5. Spiri­tual Life of Early Societies 11.3. Local Civilizations in the Ancient World 11.3.1. Emergence and First Generations of Lo­cal Civilizations ■ 11.3.2. Civilizations of the Mediterranean

■ 11.3.3. Early Civilizations of the East 11.3.4. Early Civiliza­tions on the Territory of Westernand Eastern Europe 11.3.5. Civilizations of the Pre-Columbian America 11.4. Dialogue and Interaction among Civilizations of the First Two Generations Chapter 12. Civilizations of the Second Historic Super Cycle

■ 12.1. World Civilizations of the Second Historic Super Cycle

■ 12.1.1. Medieval Civilization 12.1.2. Early Industrial Civili­zation 12.1.3. Industrial Civilization 12.2. Dynamics of the Structure of Civilizations of the Second Super Cycle 12.2.1. Growth of Population Numbers, Demands and Abilities of Man

■ 12.2.2. Technological Overturns 12.2.3. Economic Trans­formations ■ 12.2.4. Evolution of the Socio-Political System

■ 12.2.5. Dynamics of the Spiritual Sphere 12.3. Evolution and Interaction among Civilizations of the Third and the Fourth Generations ■ 12.3.1. Dynamics of Civilizations of the East

■ 12.3.2. Dominance of the Western Civilization 12.3.3. Dia­logue and Interaction among Civilizations of the Third and the Fourth Generations

Chapter 13. Civilizational Dynamics on the North of Eurasia

■ 13.1. Rhythms of Civilizational Dynamics in the Region 13.1.1.

Neolith 13.1.2. Bronze Age 13.1.3. Iron Age 13.1.4. Eastern Slavic Civilization 13.1.5. Vladimir-Suzdal Russia and the Mus­covy Czardom (Russian Civilization) 13.1.6. Formation of the Northern Eurasian Civilization 13.1.7. The Fate of the Eurasian Civilization in the 21st Century 13.2. North Regions of the Black Sea as Space of Interaction among Local Civilizations 13.2.1. Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations 13.2.2. Waves of In­teraction among Civilizations The First Wave of Interaction (7th-4th c. B.C.) 13.2.3. The Second Wave of Interaction (3rd c. B.C. — 4th

c. A.D.) ■ 13.2.4. The Third Wave of Interaction (6th-9th c.)

■ 13.2.5. The Fourth Wave of Interaction (10th -14th c.) 13.2.6.

The Fifth Wave of Interaction (15th-18th c.) 13.2.7. The Sixth

Wave of Interaction (19th-20th c.) 13.2.8. The Beginning of the

Seventh Wave of Interactions (21st c.) 13.3. Dynamics of the

Eurasian Civilization in the Industrial Period

VOLUME II. FUTURE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND GEOCIVILIZATIONAL

MEASUREMENTS

Contents

PART IV. FUTURE OF CIVILIZATIONS

Chapter 1. Outlines of Civilizations of the 21st Century

■ 14.1. At the Outset of a New Historic Super Cycle 14.2. The Essence of the Post-Industrial Civilization 14.3. Transformation of the Structure of Civilizations 14.3.1. Demographic Polariza­tion of the 21st Century 14.3.2 Alternatives of Ecological Future

■ 14.3.3. Coming Technological Overturns 14.3.4. Globalization and Transformation of Economy 14.3.5. Transformations in the Socio-Political and State-Legal Spheres 14.3.6. Formation of Integral Socio-Cultural System 14.4. Outlooks of the Dynamics and Interaction among Local Civilizations of the Fifth Generation

■ 14.4.1 Challenge of Globalization and Response ofCivilizations

■ 14.4.2. Transformation of Local Civilizations of the Fifth Gen­eration 14.4.3. Outlooks of the Dynamics of Local Civilizations

in the 21st Century 14.4.4. Scenarios of Interaction among Civilizations in the 21st Century

Chapter 15. Global Civilization: New Challenges

■ 15.1. New Challenges to the Global Civilization in the 21st Cen­tury 15.2. On the Path to the World Confederation of States and Civilizations 15.3. Two Views on the Future of the World: Invita­tion to Discussion 15.4. Future of Civilizations in the Mirror of Future Synergetics ■ 15.4.1. Principles of Futurosynergetics

■ 15.4.2. Evolutionary Space of the 21st Century 15.4.3. The System of Potential Bifurcations of the 21st Century 15.4.4. Criteria of Sustainable Development of Civilizations 15.4.5. Evo­lution and Interaction of Civilizations 15.4.6. Western Civilization

■ 15.4.7. Eurasian Civilization 15.4.8. Freedom or Necessity?

Chapter 16. Russia in Geocivilizational Space of the 21st Century

■ 16.1. Situation Analysis and Forecast of Geocivilizational Dynamics of Russia 16.2. The Cluster of Critical Situations in Dynamics of Russia by the Beginning of the 21st Century

■ 16.3. The Forecast for Solution of the Cluster of Critical Situ­ations in the 21st Century ■ 16.4. The Russian Science in a Geocivilizational Space of the 21st Century 16.4.1. Crisis of Modern Science ■ 16.4.2. Pessimistic Scenario of the Future of the Russian Science 16.4.3. Optimistic Scenario of the Develop­ment of the Russian Science 16.4.4. Place of Russia in the World Scientific Community

PART V. GEOCIVILIZATIONAL MEASUREMENTS

Chapter 17. Cliometric Measurements of Civilizational Dynamics

■ 17.1 Cliometry as a Method of Historic Measurements 17.2. Determination of Intensity of Historical Events in the Dynamics of Civilizations 17.3. Civilizational Dynamics the Mirror in of the Strategic Matrix 17.4. Long and Super Long Waves of Russian History

Chapter 18. Measurement of Civilizational Dynamics:

a Geocivilizational Matrix

■ 18.1. Methodology for Measurement of Civilizational Dynam­ics 18.2. Measurement of Civilizational Dynamics of Europe and North of Eurasia 18.2.1. Dynamics of Population and GDP

■ 18.2.2. Greco-Roman and Byzantine Civilization 18.2.3. Western European Civilization ■ 18.2.4. Eastern European Civilization ■ 18.2.5. Eastern Slavic (Eurasian) Civilization

■ 18.2.6. Summary Estimation of Dynamics of Civilizations of Europe and North of Eurasia 18.3. Measurements of Dynam­ics of Civilizations of Asia and Africa 18.3.1. Tendencies in the Dynamics of Population and GDP 18.3.2. Indian Civili­zation 18.3.3. Chinese Civilization 18.3.4. Japanese Civili­zation 18.3.5. Buddhist Civilization 18.3.6. Moslem Civiliza­tion ■ 18.3.7. Mongolian Civilization ■ 18.3.8. African Civilization ■ 18.3.9. Summary Estimation of Civilizations of Asia and Africa 18.4. Measurement of Civilizational Dynamicsof America and Oceania 18.4.1. Tendencies of Dynamics of Civilizations of America and Oceania 18.4.2. Pre-Columbian Civilizations ■ 18.4.3. North American Civilization 18.4.4. Latin American Civilization 18.4.5. Civilizations of Oceania

■ 18.4.6. Summary Estimation of Dynamics of Civilizations of America and Oceania 18.5. Summary Integral Estimation of World Civilizational Dynamics

Chapter 19. Strategic Matrices of Eastern Civilizations Dynamics

■ 19.1. Strategic Matrix of India 19.1.1. India in the Ancient

Period (before the 2nd c. A.D.) 19.1.2. The Middle Ages and

Modern History of India (6th — middle of the 19th c.) 19.1.3.

The Independence Period (from 1947) 19.1.4. Outlooks of

India in the 21st c. 19.2. Strategic Matrix of China 19.2.1. Ancient China 19.2.2. China in the Middle Ages (end of the 6th — beginning of the 17th c.) 19.2.3. Modern History of

China (17th — beginning of the 20th c.) 19.2.4. Contemporary

History of China (from 1949) 19.2.5. Outlooks of China in the

21st c. 19.3. Strategic Matrix of Japan 19.3.1. Ancient Japan (3rd-7th c.) 19.3.2. Japan in the Middle Ages (7th —

the second half of the 19th c.) 19.3.3. Modern History of

Japan (1868-1942) 19.3.4. Contemporary History of Japan

(1945-2004) 19.3.5. Outlooks of Japan in the 21st c. 19.4.

Strategic Matrix of Iran 19.4.1. Ancient Persia (558-359 B.C.)

■ 19.4.2. Persia in the Crisis Period of Slave Relations (226-651

A.D.) 19.4.3. Persia in the Middle Ages (middle of the 7th —

beginning of the 10th c.) 19.4.4. Iran under the Reign of the

Mongolian Khans and in the Post-Mongolian Period (13th-15th cc.) ■ 19.4.5. Persia in the Modern Period (middle of the 16th — end of the 19th c.) 19.4.6. Iran during World Wars I

and II 19.4.7. Iran in the Middle and the End of the 20th c.

■ 19.4.8. Outlooks of Iran in the 21st c.

AFTERWORD Rhythms of Civilizational Dynamics.

SUPPLEMENT 1. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly «Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations».

SUPPLEMENT 2. UNESCO Universal Declaration in Cultural Divertisy

SUPPLEMENT 3. Concept of Sustainable Development and Solution of Global Problems on the Basis of Dialogue and Partnership of Civilizations

SUPPLEMENT 4. World Trade and Fairness: Civilizational Aspect

SUPPLEMENT 5. Six Enigmas of the Minoan Civilization SUPPLEMENT 6. The First Book on the Theory of Civilizations. A. Metlinsky. About the Essence of Civilization

VOLUME III. NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGIONS — SPACE OF INTERACTION AMONG CIVILIZATIONS

Along with local civilizations there are spaces of their in­teraction. The most demonstrative example of such space is the northern Black Sea regions — a field of interaction among civilizations and peoples within more than two and a half mil­lennia.

The book for the first time sets forth theoretical foundations and history of development of spaces of interaction among civiliza­tions, deals with basic stages in the development and interaction of civilizations and peoples in the northern Black Sea regions in the Neolithic and Bronze Age, periods of Greek colonization, Roman and Byzantine influence, prevalence of eastern Slavic, Moslem and Eurasian cultures. Actual examples of interaction among civiliza­tions — from dialogue and cooperation to backset and military clashes are provided. An overview of archeological expositions of this period in the museums of Russia and Ukraine is given. The outputs of the scientific-civilizational expedition to the northern Black Sea regions conducted in July 2005 are published. The book unites well a creative scientific search, scientific-historical articles of archeologists and museum workers and emotional itineraries of the expedition members. Exciting pictures of not simple relations between civilizations and cultures within the space of the Nizhny Don and Sea of Azov regions, Taman, Crimea, Southern Pobuzhie, northwestern and northeastern Black Sea regions will open to a reader.

The book is intended for a wide readership — educators and students, teachers and schoolchildren, and scientists, regional ethnographers, tour operators and travelers — for everybody who is interested in the history of civilizations and their interaction.

Contents

FOREWORD (V.I. Gulyaev)

INRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations: Theory and History

■ 1.1. Dynamics of Civilizations in Time and Space ■ 1.1.1. Multidimensionality of Civilizations ■ 1.1.2. Evolvement of Civilizations in Time 1.1.3. Expansion of Civilizations in Space (Geography of Civilizations) 1.2. Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations ■ 1.2.1. Certitude and Essence of Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations 1.2.2. Functions of Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations ■ 1.3. Historical Steps in the Development of Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations

■ 1.3.1. Areas of Interaction among Civilizations of the First Generations 1.3.2. Interaction among Civilizations of the Third Generation 1.3.3. Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations of the Fourth Generation 1.3.4. Prospects for Spaces of Interaction among Civilizations in the 21^st century

CHAPTER 2. Preconditions and Beginnings of Civilizational Development in the Northern Black Sea Regions (Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age)

■ 2.1. Upper Paleolithic and M esolithic in the Northern Black Sea Regions (40-8 millinneia B.C.) ■ 2.1.1. Geographical Boundaries of the Northern Black Sea Regions 2.1.2. Natural­Demographic and Ecological Cycles ■ 2.1.3. First Steps in the Evolution of Society in the Northern Black Sea Regions 2.1.4. Late Paleolithic 2.1.5. Mesolithic Age 2.2. Neolithic Revolution and Interaction of Tribes in the Northern Black Sea Regions (end of the 6^th - beginning of the 5^th millennium B.C.) 2.2.1. Neolithic Revolution 2.2.2. Neolithic Revolution and Neolithic Monuments in the Northern Black Sea Regions ■ 2.3. Bronze Age in the Northern Black Sea Regions (end of the 4^th - 2^nd millennium B.C.)

■ 2.3.1. Theoretical Findings on the Establishment of Local Civilizations 2.3.2. Eneolithic in the Northern Black Sea Regions

■ 2.3.3. Chronological Frames and Stages of the Bronze Age

■ 2.3.4. Natural-Climate Conditions ■ 2.3.5. Population and Settlement ■ 2.3.6. Instruments of Labor and Bronze Age Technologies ■ 2.3.7. Economic Mode of Production ■ 2.3.8. Leader-based Societies and Wars ■ 2.3.9. Spiritual World of Society in the Bronze Age

CHAPTER 3. Interaction of Civilizations

in the Northern Black Sea Regions in the Antiquity (7^th c. B.C. - 5^th c. A.D.)

■ 3.1. Theoretical Issues of Interaction among Greek Colonies with Local Peoples and Tribes ■ 3.2. The Scythians of the Northern Black Sea Regions in the 7^th-6^th cc. B.C. (V.I. Gulyaev)

■ 3.2.1. Emergence and Origins of the Scythians ■ 3.2.2. Nomadic Way of Life ■ 3.2.3. Clash of the Scythians with the

Persian Civilization 3.2.4. Great Scythia 3.2.5. Relations of the Scythians with Other Tribes and Greek Polies 3.2.6. Scythian Art 3.3. Greek Colonization of the Northern Black Sea Regions (E.M. Alexeyeva) 3.4. Phanagoria: Greek City in the Barbarian Land (V.D. Kuznetsov) 3.5. A Historic Role of Antique States of the Northern Black Sea Regions (D.B. Shelov) ■ 3.6. Great Heritage and Link of Times (Ye.F. Redina)

CHAPTER 4. Interaction among Civilizations of the Third and Fourth Generation

in the Northern Black Sea Regions (6^th-20^th cc.)

■ 4.1. Interaction of Civilizations in the Northern Black Sea Region in the Middle Ages (6^th-16^th cc.) ■ 4.1.1. Interaction of Civilizations in the Establishment of the Middle Ages 4.1.2. Russian Kaganate. Tmutarakhan ■ 4.1.3. Influence of the Byzantine Civilization in the Northern Black Sea Regions 4.2. The Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate and Genoese Colonies

■ 4.3. Eurasian and Moslem Civilizations in Struggle for the Northern Black Sea Regions in the Early Industrial Period 4.4. Interaction of Civilizations in the Industrial Period ■ 4.4.1. The Sixth Wave of Interaction Among Civilizations ■ 4.4.2. The Crimean War as the Clash of Civilizations 4.4.3. World War I and Civil Wars 4.4.4. World War II (Great Patriotic War) and the Yalta Conference 4.5. Prospects for Interaction of Civilizations in the Northern Black Sea Regions in the Post Industrial Period

CHAPTER 5. Northern Black Sea Regions in Interaction of Civilizations and Tribes. A View of Archeologists

■ 5.1. The Sea of Azov and Kuban Regions 5.1.1. Between the East and the West: Barbarian and Antique World of the Don and Azov Regions (V.E. Maximenko) 5.1.2. The city of Azov in In­teraction among Civilizations (N.M. Fomichev) 5.1.3. Don and Azov Regions in the Ancient Mythology (S.I. Lukiashko) 5.1.4. Historical Past of the Northern-Eastern Azov Regions. Antiquities of the Miussky Peninsula. Taganrog Settlement (A.L. Boiko)

■ 5.1.5. Taganrog - and Northern Sea of Azov Regions Tagan- grog Settlement - Cremns on the Maeotian Lake (M.V. Gerasi­menko) Scythians and Sarmatians in the Sea of Azov Regions (2^nd c. B.C. - 4^th c. A.D.) (N.M. Kleopatro) the Sea of Azov Re­gions in the Golden Horde Period (N.M. Kleopatro) 5.1.6. Greek Poleis - Gorgippia (E.M. Alexeyeva) 5.1.7. Germonassa. Rela­tions of Ancient Traditions and Barbarian (S.I. Finogenova)

■ 5.1.8. Archeological Monuments near Sochi ■ Stone Age; Bronze Age; Iron Age (V.N. Rozov) Middle Ages (V.N. Rozov)

■ Adygs (T.V. Polovinkina) ■ Monuments of the Middle Ages (A.V. Guseva) Annexation of the Black Sea Coast of Caucasus to Russia. 1829-1864 (V.G. Antonyuk) 5.2. From Panticapaeum to Chersonesos 5.2.1. Panticapaeum - the Capital of the Bos- poran Kingdom (V.P. Tolstikov) 5.2.2. Bosporan Cities of the Kerch Peninsula: ■ Porthmion ■ Nymphaion ■ Myrmekion

■ Tyritake Kytaia Λcra (O.Yu. Sokolova) 5.2.3. ‘The Mirme-kion Treasure' (A.M. Butyakin) 5.2.4. Theodosia — in Antiquity and Middle Ages (Ye. A. Aibabina) 5.2.5. Theodosia Local His­tory Museum (Ye. A. Aibabina) 5.2.6. On the Border of the Hel­lenic and Barbarian Worlds: Burial of ‘Czarina' in the Nogaichinsk Burial Hill (Yu.P. Zaitsev, V.I. Mordvintseva) 5.3. Chersonesos, Chimbalo and Kerkinitis 5.3.1. Chersonesos - Cherson - Kor- sun: Monument to Civilization (V.M. Zubar) 5.3.2. Chimbalo (Balaklava) Medieval Fortress (S.B. Adaxina, V.P. Kirilko, V.L. Myts)

■ 5.3.3. Kerkinitis and Western Crimea in the Antiquity (S.B. Lantsov)

■ 5.3.4. Ust-Alminsky Late Scythian Necropolis in the South­western Crimea (Yu.P. Zaitsev) 5.4. Cave Cities and Fortresses

■ 5.4.1. Mangup - the Capital of the Principality of Theodoro (A.A. Voloshinov, T.V. Voloshinova) ■ 5.4.2.Sanctuary in the Gurzuf Saddle (N.G. Novichenkova) 5.5. Simferopol and Bah- chisarai 5.5.1. Scythian Naples: A View of Archeologist (Yu.P. Zait­sev) ■ 5.5.2. Bahchisarai: Peoples, Centuries and Traditions (A.A. Voloshinov, T.V. Voloshinova) 5.5.3. Crimean Peoples in the Collections of the Crimean Republican Local History Museum (L.N. Khrapunova) ■ 5.5.4. Tartar Folk Arts in the Dialogue of Cultures (N.M. Akchurina-Muftieva) ■ 5.6. Olbia and Tyras

■ 5.6.1. Pontic Olbia (V.V. Krapivina) 5.6.2. Ancient Tyras: In­teraction of the Greek Colony with the Tribes of the Northwestern Black Sea Regions (T.L. Samoilova)

CHAPTER 6. A Scientific-Civilizational Expedition to the Northern Black Sea Regions

■ 6.1. Plan and Aims of the Expedition (A.G. Fedorov) 6.2. In the Low Don Region 6.2.1. Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Local His­tory Museum 6.2.2. Sergey Viktorovich Gurkin 6.2.3. Tanais

■ 6.2.4. The Don Varangians. Aksay 6.2.6. Azov 6.3. Gor­gippia, Germonassa and Phanagoria 6.3.1. Anapa 6.3.2. Ta­man, Tmutarakhan 6.3.3. Phanagoria: Mecca for Archeologists

■ 6.4. The Bosporan Kingdom: Panticapauem and Theodosia

■ 6.4.1. Crossing 6.4.2. Kerch - Panticapaeum 6.4.3. Theo­dosia, Kaffa 6.5. Sudak and Yalta. Fortress and Palaces 6.5.1. Passage by Yacht from Theodosia to Sudak 6.5.2. Sudak: The Genoese Fortress ■ 6.5.3. Of the Old Stamp ■ 6.5.4. Night Schumacher ■ 6.5.5. The Yalta Museum ■ 6.5.6. Massandra

■ 6.5.7. The Vorontsov Palace 5.8. Livadia 6.5.9. The Yusu­pov Palaces in the Crimea (N.V. Glushenkova) 6.5.10. Lastoch- kino Gnezdo (Swallow's Nest) 6.6. Chersonesos and Sevasto­pol 6.6.1. Chersonesos 6.6.2. Sevastopol, Panorama 6.7. Cave Cities and Fortresses in the Mountain Crimea 6.7.1. Man­gup 6.7.2. Eski-Kermen 6.7.3. Yuri Petrovich Zaitsev 6.8. Scythian Naples and Bahchisarai ■ 6.8.1. Simferopol, Crimean Archeologists ■ 6.8.2. Scythian Naples ■ 6.8.3. Taurida Local History Museum Afterword. Lessons of the Past and Looking into the Future

REFERENCES

VΘLUME IV: THE ORIGINS

AND HIGHLIGHTS OF THE EASTERN SLAVIC CIVILIZATION

The monograph, volume 4 of the fundamental writing “Civiliza­tions: Theory, History, Dialogue and the Future” addresses civiliza­tional dynamics with respect to the history of the Eastern Slavic civilizations (6^th-15^th cc.). The inquires are made into the problems of establishment and life cycle stages of the Eastern Slavic civiliza­tion, its elements (Kievan Rus (southern Russian principalities), Novgorodian Republic, Russian North, Central Russian principali­ties), interaction with neighboring civilizations.

The articles of Russian and Ukrainian archeologists and mu­seum officers show the origins of civilization, its cultural-historical monuments, and richness of civilizational heritage.

The book is intended for a wide circle of scientists and educa­tionalists, students and learners, political and public figures concern­ing themselves with history and interaction among civilizations.

Contents

FOREWORD. A New Look at the Eastern Slavic

Civilization (E.N. Nosov)

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. The Eastern Slavic Civilization in the Local Civilizations System of the Third Generation

■ 1.1. Regularities of Local Civilizations Dynamics 1.1.1. Notion of Local Civilizations 1.1.2. Regularities of Cyclical Dynamics of Civilizations 1.1.3. Socio-Genetic Regularities of Local Civiliza­tions Development 1.1.4. Generation Change of Local Civilizations

■ 1.1.5. Historical Time Compression Law 1.2. The Eastern Slavic Civilization: Prehistory, Stages, and Special Features of Formation 1.2.1. Origins and Stages of the Establishment of the Eastern Slavic Civilization 1.2.2. Life Cycle Phases of the Eastern Slavic Civilization 1.2.3. State-Political System 1.3. Interaction of Eastern Slavs with Other Civilizations of the Third Generation ■ 1.3.1. Transit Position of Civilizations and River Thoroughfares ■ 1.3.2. Waves of Interaction of Peoples and Civilizations in Eastern Europe

CHAPTER 2. Origins of the Eastern Slavic Civilization

■ 2.1. Tribes of the Scythian Period in the Eastern Forest Steppe (S.A. Skory) 2.1.1. General Description of the Scythian Period in the Forest Steppe Region 2.1.2. Ethno-Geography and Ethnical Affiliation of the Autochthone Population in the Forest Steppe

■ 2.1.3. The World of Nomad Scythians and Forest Steppe Population 2.2. Settlements of the 1^st millennium B.C. in the Forest Steppe Don Regions (Yu.D. Razuvaev) 2.3. Belsk Site (B.A. Shramko) 2.4. Motronin Site (S.S. Bessonova, S.A. Skory)

■ 2.4.1 Motronin Site of the Scythian Period in the Dniepr Forest Steppe Region 2.4.2. Motronin Site in the History of the Eastern Slavic Civilization 2.5. Ethnical Contents of Chernyakhovsk Cul­ture (B.V. Magomedov) 2.6. Early Slavs in the Forest Steppe Dnieper and Don Regions (1-5^th cc.. A.D.) (A.M. Oblomsky, R.V. Terpilovsky) ■ 2.7. At the Outset of the Slavdom (R.V. Terpilovsky) 2.8. Western Impulses in the Establishment of the Slavdom (R.V. Terpilovsky)

CHAPTER 3. Paths of the Becoming of the Eastern Slavic Civilization

■ 3.1. Archeological Cultures of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages

■ 3.1.1. Neolithic 3.1.2. Bronze Age 3.1.3. Iron Age 3.1.4. Greco-Roman Colonization of the Northern Black Sea Regions

■ 3.2. The Establishment of the Eastern Slavic Civilization (Special Features and “Bonds”) 3.2.1. Great Slavic Shift 3.2.2. Special Features of the Eastern Slavic Civilization ■ 3.2.3. “Bonds” of Civilization 3.3. Eastern Slavic Cities 3.3.1. The Role of Cities in the Emergence and Development of Local Civilizations 3.3.2. City Generation Change 3.3.3. Cities of Eastern Slavs 3.4. The Establishment of Rus and the First Cities (E.N. Nosov) ■ 3.5. Monasteries in the History of Russia

CHAPTER 4. Kievan Rus

■ 4.1. Southern Russian Lands — Historical Center of the Eastern Slavic Civilization ■ 4.2. Establishment and Development Stages of Kievan Rus 4.2.1. The Nascence of Civilizational Outlines in the Southern Russian Lands 4.2.2. The Establishment and Rise of Kievan Rus 4.2.3. Civilizational Features of Kievan Rus (South­ern Russian Principalities) 4.3. Rus Country (A.P. Motsya) 4.4. Kiev. The Kiev-Pechora Laura ■ 4.5. Galytsko-Volynsk Rus (A.P. Motsya) ■ 4.6. Khortitsa (History and Archeology Sketch) (M.A. Ostapenko) 4.7. In the Shade of Golden Griffon (Museum of Historical Jewels of Ukraine) (E.V. Starchenko, L.S. Klochko) CHAPTER 5. The Novgorodian Republic

■ 5.1. The Bipolarity of the Eastern Slavic Civilization 5.2. Veliky Novgorod (V.L. Yanin) ■ 5.3. The Novgorodian Republic: Demo­cratic State with Market Economy 5.4. Veliky Novgorod: Mate­rial World of the Medieval Republic (S.V. Troyanovsky) ■ 5.4.1. Nature of Novgorod 5.4.2. Proto-Novgorod Falling Short of Area

■ 5.4.3. Veche Square 5.4.4. At the Dawn of Community Facili­ties 5.4.5. “All the City Made the Walls” 5.4.6. The Great Bridge

■ 5.4.7. The Bridge over Violent Waters 5.4.8. From Underwater Artifacts to the Symbols of Republic ■ 5.4.9. Afterword ■ 5.5. Novgorod and Hanse (E.A. Rybina) ■ 5.5.1. Pre-Hanse Period

■ 5.5.2. About Hanse 5.5.3. History and Nature of the Novgoro- dian-Hanse Relations 5.5.4. Nature of Trade 5.5.5. The Hanse Office and Hanse Merchantry in Novgorod ■ 5.5.6. Afterword

■ 5.6. Old Ladoga (A.N. Kirpichnikov) ■ 5.7. Rent and Rent Mechanism in the History of Medieval Economy of Eastern Europe and Novgorod (N.A. Khan) ■ 5.8. Torzhok: A Civilizational Essay

of the Russian City (P.D. Malygin) ■ 5.8.1. What is Torzhok?

■ 5.8.2. City Name Tells a Lot ■ 5.8.3. Russia's Most Ancient Monastery ■ 5.8.4. Political Dilemma of Medieval Torzhok: with Novgorod or Moscow? 5.8.5. Torzhok—a Shield of Veliky Novgorod

■ 5.8.6. Why was and is Torzhok considered a beautiful city?

CHAPTER 6. The Russian North

■ 6.1. The Establishment and Development Stages of the Russian North 6.1.1. Particular Issues Associated with the Opening of the Russian North 6.1.2. Opening Up of the North by Novgorodians

■ 6.1.3. Struggle of Novgorod and Moscow for the North 6.2. Civilizational Special Features of the Russian North 6.2.1. Natu­ral-Climate Conditions of the Maritime Area ■ 6.2.2. Population

■ 6.2.3. Technologies 6.2.4. Economy 6.2.5. Socio-Political System 6.2.5. Spiritual World 6.2.7. Heritage of the Russian North 6.3. Solovetsky Islands

CHAPTER 7. The Central Russian Principalities

■ 7.1. Colonization of the Central Russian Lands by the Slavs and Special Features of Their Civilizational Development 7.1.1. Special Features in Civilizational Development of the Central Russian Lands ■ 7.2. Vladimoro-Suzdal Rus ■ 7.3. Tver, Ry­azan, Rostov Principalities ■ 7.4. Historical Past of Ryazan

■ 7.5.The Rise of Moskovan Rus

CHAPTER 8. Cliometric Measurements of Dynamics of the Eastern Slavic Civilization

■ 8.1. Assessment of Eastern Slavic Civilization Dynamics Based on a Civilizational Matrix ■ 8.1.1. Civilizational Matrix Assembly Methodology ■ 8.1.2. Dynamics Estimation of Eastern Slavic Civilization Components ■ 8.1.3. Integral Estimation for Eastern Slavic Civilization Dynamics 8.2. Dynamics of the Eastern Slavic Civilization in the Mirror of a Strategic Matrix ■ 8.2.1. Strategic Matrix Assembly Methodology ■ 8.2.2. Strategic Matrix-Based Measurements

AFTERWORD.Lessons and Heritage of the Eastern Slavic Civilization REFERENCES.

FOREWORD

A New Look at the Eastern Slavic Civilization

The book non-conventional and unexpected in its approach is suggested for attention of scientists, educationalists, students and all antiquity lovers. It incorporates a fresh look at the his­tory, informative characterizations, evaluation of the place in the world civilizational process of the Eastern Slavic civilization although the usage of the “civilization” term with respect to the Slavic history may seem unexpected to some. Tens of mono­graphs and hundreds of research articles address this history. Nevertheless, the authors have succeeded in finding new edgesin this page it would seem studied in detail (and more exactly a volume) of national history.

What is the novelty and merits of this monograph?

First of all, in the civilizational approach to studying of the subject of inquiry. The authors are not historians or archeolo­gists but advocates of a relatively new branch of social sci­ences — science of civilizations and as it is often called civil- iography. Renown scientists B.N. Kuzyk and Yu.V. Yakovets represent a modern Russian civilizational school purporting to the world recognition and leadership. They published a good deal of works on theory and history of civilizations; its major writing — a fundamental monograph “Theory, History, Dialogue and Future of Civilizations”, the first two volumes appeared in 2006 in Russian and English and represented in the UN Dag Hammarskjuld library and UNESCO headquarters. The experi­mental test of ideas set forth in the two volume book was performed on the rich cross-civilizational materials of the North­ern Black Sea regions (the third volume of the monograph “Northern Black Sea Regions — Space of Interaction among Civilizations” appeared in 2008) and by the example of a rich history of the Eastern Slavic civilization (the fourth volume of this monograph).

How does such civilizational approach manifest itself?

The authors discuss the Slavic civilization that began its establishment in the 6^th c. and completed its life cycle in the 15^th c. in the East of Europe as one of civilizations of the third gen­eration prevailing exactly in that millennium period both in the West and the East. It permits to define more clearly both gen­eral features and specifics of the civilizational process in this area in the tideway of the world history of civilizations.

The authors surmount unilinear approach to the history of the Eastern Slavic civilization, suggest a hypothesis on its multi-center nature and show that from the very start it formed as bipolar (Kiev and Novgorod) that ensured its complexity and viability. Further the border effaced and by the end of the period of exis­tence of civilization the struggle evolved between other poles — Moskovan Principality and Novgorodian Republic.

The writing provides a description of features of each of four components making the Eastern Slavic civilization — Kievan Rus, Novgorodian Republic, Russian North, and Central Russian Principalities. Such features are based on five elements forming the nucleus of a civilizational genotype: natural-geographical conditions, population, technology, economy, state-political system, spiritual world that opens an opportunity of a multi­dimensional vision of the historical process.

Much attention is paid to the interaction of Eastern Slavs with other civilizations of the third generation — both neighbor­ing and remote. This is not by chance. The Eastern Slavic civi­lization as it is shown in the book, evolved on the paths of the

dialogue and interaction among civilizations of the West, East and the South — on the roads “From Varangians to Greeks”, “From Varangians to Arabs”. The authors complete them with the third thoroughfare — Great Fur Road along northern and northwestern rivers of prime significance for development of economy and culture of North Rus.

All life journey of the Eastern Slavic civilizations ran through various contacts — from dialogue and cooperation to confron­tation and clash with other civilizations: Byzantine, Western European, Moslem, Mongolian and even Indian and Chinese.

Finishing their research the authors show that the Eastern Slavic civilization has not left the historical arena, and trans­formed into more extensive and many-sided Eurasian civilization with the lapse of time which still exists passed through the 20^th c. as the period of the utmost rise and by the end of the cen­tury — the utmost deep-seated crisis and beginning of decay. The utmost rich heritage accumulated by the Eastern Slavic civilizations opened new horizons for development and enrich­ment of the Eurasian civilization. The book incorporates not a few interesting points: about cities and their role in the estab­lishment of the Eastern Slavic civilization, multi-polar nature of civilizations, and the Great Fur Road.

The merit of the book is a wide coverage of the problem, and among other things the inclusion of a lot of articles of Rus­sian and Ukrainian historians and archeologists as its part that enriches the narration with illustrated materials, make it more multi-sided and convincing.

Obviously, an extensive research as a painting painted with wide strokes does not lack of some failures. A certain eclectic is felt in the presentation and stating of materials. It is espe­cially unbalanced in the articles brought in. Evidently, the pre­history of the Slavdom has nothing to do with the antiquities of local Neolithic, Bronze Age and even with the Scythian world. A modern science has left such approach in the past. One could dispute also the appropriateness of bringing in separate spe­cific archeological monuments and their groups for analysis. There is also room for argument pertaining to assessments of a number of historical events not often contradicting each other in various sections of the publication.

However, in general we have a book before us offering an original view on the utmost rich history of the Eastern Slavic civilization, provides an assessment of its heritage and place in the world history, the book which has gathered together interest­ing and diverse materials.

E.N. Nosov —R.A.S. Corresponding member,

Director, R.A.S. Institute for History of Material Culture

INTRODUCTION

The book about the origins and heights of the Eastern Slavic civilization suggested for attention of the reader has its prehistory and takes a justified place in the logic of development of contemporary Russian civilizational school which we repre­sent and head today. Historical roots of this school date back to 1839 when a small book by A. Metlinsky “The Essence of Civilization and Significance of Its Elements” appeared in Khar­kov. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first book in the world on the theory of civilizations (which is published a decade before the book by Francois Guizot in France dedicated to the history of civilizations in Europe and France). As such book is practically not known we reproduced it in the second volume of the monograph “Civilizations: Theory, History, Dialogue and Future” (in Russian and English) (Kuzyk, Yakovets, 2006 V. 2, Appendix 5).

The second landmark event in the prehistory of this school was a widely known monograph of N.Ya. Danilevsky “Russian and Europe” (Danilevsky, 1991) published in 1869. It states for the first time the basics of the theory of local civilizations (cul­tural-historical types) repeated in many ways of featured book by O. Spengler “The Decline of the West” published in 1918 and further expounded in the 12 volume research on the theory and history of local civilizations by British historian A. Toynbee; such research is set forth in a nutshell in the book “A Study of His­tory: Abridgement” (Toynbee, 1991).

The third milestone in the prehistory of the contemporary Russian civilizational school may be viewed the writings and activities of the first string sociologist of the 20^th c. Pitirim Sorokin. He gave a profound analysis of the theory of civiliza­tions and set forth his vision of such problem in the book on contemporary sociological theories. His four volume fundamen­tal work “Social and Cultural Dynamics” is a fundamental re­search in actual fact on the theory and history of civilizations performed using an extensive application of cliometric measure­ments. Together with A. Toynbee in 1961 Pitirim Sorokin es­tablished the international society for the comparative study of civilizations. The International scientific conference “Saint Pe­tersburg in the Dialogue of Civilizations and Cultures of the East and the West” was delivered by us in 2003 in association with this society, published a book “Globalization and Fate of Civiliza­tions” (2003) and made a civilizational tour “Northwestern Rus: Origins and Highlights of the Russian Civilization”. Properly the history of the contemporary Russian civilizational school begins from 1992 when at the International Scientific Conference in Moscow dedicated to the 100 birth anniversary of N.D. Kondra- tieff a report was published by Yu.V. Yakovets “The Establish­ment of the Post-Industrial Civilization”. It grounds a civiliza­

tional approach to history and future of humanity, the concept of change of world civilizations formulated. Basic ideas of the book were further expounded in the monograph “The Origins of a New Civilization” (1993 in Russian and English) delivered at the congress of the World Federation of Futures Studies (Turku, Finland), systematized in the monograph-textbook “History of Civilizations (published in 1995-1997) which was amended wit the section on local civilizations and published in 2000 in the USA under The Past and the Future of Civilizations. The textbook expounds on the theory and history of civilizations for two super historical cycles, a forecast is given for the beginning of the third super historical cycle — period of the post-industrial world civilization of humanistically noospheric nature.

In parallel, the researches into the history of civilizations evolved in Russia. In 1994, a report of Yu. V. Yakovets was pub­lished to the cross-disciplinary discussion “Pace of Change of Civilizations and Historical Fates of Russia”, in 2004 — mono­graph of B.N. Kuzyk, A.I. Ageev, etc. “Russia in Space and Time. The History of Future” where super long-term 400 year and long­term 80 year cycles of the history of the Russian civilizations were identified. In 2005, the first scientific-civilizational expedition was arranged which output was the book of B.N. Kuzyk and Yu. V. Yakovets “Northern Black Sea Regions — Space of Interac­tion among Civilizations” (with the involvement of Russian and Ukrainian historians and archeologists). This book is its logic continuation and development.

The summary work reflecting a system of views of national civilizational school was the two volume fundamental mono­graph of B.N. Kuzyk and Yu. V. Yakovets “Civilization: Theory, History, Dialogue and Future” published in 2006 in Russian and English and presented in the UN Dag Hammarskjuld library in October 2006 and UNESCO headquarters in November 2007. Our views on the theory of world, local and global civilizations, cyclical-genetic regularities of their dynamics and interaction, history of civilizations for the period from the Neolithic revolu­tion, on their future in the 21^st c. are expressed system-based in it. A special sector is dedicated to cliometric measurements, application of a geo-civilizational macro model, geo-civiliza­tional and strategic matrices in the inquiries into this subject and quantitative expression of historical tendencies.

The subject-matter of this book is the Eastern Slavic civiliza­tion. What is from our viewpoint the Eastern Slavic civilization? Researches and scientific-civilizational expeditions in 2005-2007 brought us to the conclusion that civilizational development in the north of Eurasia may be broken down into several stages.

Ist stage — from the Neolithic situation, revolution of the 4-3^rd millennium B.C. to the beginning of the Iron Age. Social division of labor emerged and implemented (later than in the civilizational centers to the north of equator), commodity pro­duction and exchange began to develop, the first steps are made in the social stratification, the tribal social system pre­vailed (and somewhere the “leader-based states” sprang up but no state and local civilizations were yet in its classic meaning of the word).

IInd stage — from the 7^th c. B.C. to the 5^th c. A.D. tens of Greek city polies sprang up in the northern Black Sea region and came in close contact with the Scythian proto-civilization and local tribes, states sprang up — Bosporus, Chersonessos, Olbia, civilizational impact spread further to the North and East. The inbreak of the Huns suspended a civilizational progress in many ways.

IIIrd stage — from the 6^th to the 15^th c. The establishment and rise of the Eastern Slavic civilization, efflorescence of Kie­van and Novgorodian Rus, and at the end of the period - Vlad­imir-Suzdal and Moskovan Rus, extensive contacts with other civilizations by the thoroughfares “From Varangians to Greeks” and “From Varangians to Persians”, Mongolian invasion and the rule of the Golden Horde further disintegrated into the Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean Khanates.

IVth stage — when the Eastern Slavic civilization trans­formed into Eurasian extending its sphere to Siberia in the 16^th c., and in the next centuries — to Central Asia, Caucasian, Baltic countries. The Eurasian civilization reached the peaks of its leadership and efflorescence in the 18^th c. (under Peter I and Catherine II), at the beginning of the 19^th c. (with the victory in the clash with the Western European civilization), in the mid- 20^th c. (after the victory in World War II). However, in the 70-80s this powerful civilization successfully resisting western turned out in the state of stagnation and crisis, and in the 90s its disintegration began.

Vth stage originates in the 19^th c. when the boundaries of the Eurasian civilization were narrowed to the boundaries of Russia (with close connection of Kazakhstan, Byelarus, Armenia) and in prospect — on the new whorl of a civilizational crisis the integrity of the Russian civilization may also be put in jeopardy or the Eurasian civilization will revive in the narrow structure. This is a historical alternative for the 21^st century.

It was important for us to research into a millennium life cycle of the Eastern Slavic civilization, origins of its formation, rises and falls, victories and defeats in its cyclical dynamics, as the deep roots of our future are hidden in the past. We had to face many differences and myths in illumination of this historical period brought by confrontation of national and class contradictions, ideological and political biases, unilateral views of separate archeologists, historians, and politicians. We will be frank — we've failed to find a convincing answer to many questions. We have to be limited to the statement of various positions here and there giving the establishment of the truth

to future researchers but the very statement of disputable is­sues is useful.

Like “The Northern Black Sea Reions is Space of Interaction among Civilizations” this book is not univocal, unidimensional, it is impossible to determine clearly its place in anyone classi­fication of literature. Three elements are present in the book:

• scientific-civilizational researches and findings of the au­thors expressing their viewpoint (other points of view of scien­tist on many problems are possible);

• articles of Russian and Ukrainian historians and archeolo­gists on certain periods and historical-archeological monuments providing experimental materials for findings and generalization but sometimes stating different viewpoints on one and the same subject (we think that we have no authority either to even dif­ferences or pinpointing them);

• personal impressions, observations and findings of the members of the second (July 2006) and third (2007) scientific- civilizational expeditions across spaces of the Eastern Slavic civilization. We'd like to explain the specifics of our approach to the theory, history and future of civilizations. The problem of civilization is the subject of research of various sciences; each applies its own approach and methodology specific to it.

Historians — Francois Guizot, Arnold Toynbee, Fernand Braudel, William McNeill and other - view dynamics and interac­tion of civilizations in the historical aspect, in the overall flow of national and world history. They first of all focus on the prime events and their interconnections in philosophy and history.

Archeologists deal basically with the first stages of the es­tablishment of civilizations, civilizations of antiquity based on the monuments of material culture preserved and reconstructing the past by understanding of such monuments.

Sociologists — you may include A. Metlinsky, and then A. Comte, N. Danilevsky, P. Sorokin, focus first of all on the socio-cultural essence of civilizational values.

Politologists concerns first of all with the problem of inter­action among civilizations in a geo-political space, conflicts among them.

Futurologists — Alvin Toffler, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada - look into the future of civilizations and consider their interaction, fate in the rapidly changing world.

The methodology of a relatively young branch of social sci­ences — civiliography — is distinguished by a complex ap­proach to the basic subject of their research.

First, civiliographers study civilizations in all its aspects, in all its richness of edges representing the subject. These are all components making the genotype of civilizations - population (ethnic, race structure), natural environment, technological level, economic and social relations, diversity of spiritual world, system of civilizational values in statics and dynamics. Suchmethodology has determined a civilizational approach to the structure and dynamics of society unlike a formation-based approach prevailed in the 20^th c.

Second, civiliographers study the past, present and future in a single flow resting on cyclical-genetic regularities. This has determined the identification of civilizational cycles of various duration — local, world and global civilizations, cycles of world civilizations and historical super cycles as milestones in the establishment and development of the global civilization in the past and future.

Third, resting on the data and findings of the allied sciences, creatively processing and accumulating information, civiliogra- phy has worked out and actively employ own tools for re­searches — geocivilizational macro models and matrices, and a strategic matrix. This allows assessing dynamics and inter­relation of various elements making a civilizational genotype.

Civiliography is one of the youngest social sciences. Al­though its precursors date back already to the 19^th c. (F. Guizot, A. Metlinsky, N. Danilevsky, etc.), its formation was mainly in the 20^th c. — in works of A. Toynbee, P. Sorokin, F. Braudel. A vigorous growth of such science began from the end of the 20h c. — in the writings of A. Toffler, S. Huntington, E. Chernyak, Yu.V. Yakovets, B.N. Kuzyk, I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, A.I. Ageev and others. This outburst of scientific creation has objective roots, a social order. It is demanded by society, is a response of sci­ence to challenges of a new century. The matter is that the problem of dynamics and interaction of civilizations is becoming axial for the 21^st century at least from its first half. New chal­lenges for the present and future of humanity are problems of depopulation and aging of population struck more and more countries and civilizations; problems of a global energy-eco­logical crisis and evolving technological overturn; contradictions of a neo-liberal model of globalization, threats of conflicts and clashes of civilizations; international terrorism; crisis of science, culture, education, ethics; undermining the system of civiliza­tional values.

Science is called upon to provide answers to such momen­tous challenges arisen before global and local civilizations. The task of the research undertaken by us is to offer our vision of such complex phenomena on the path of the establishing post­industrial humanistically noospheric world civilization, integral socio-cultural system.

This volume is a logic continuation of previous three of a multi-volume book “Civilizations: Theory, History, Dialogue and Future. The first two volumes published in 2006 in Russian and English and presented to the UN Dag Hammarskjuld Library in October 2006 and UNESCO headquarters in November 2007 set forth the basic points of the theory, history, dialogue and future of civilizations. The third volume shaped a complex tissue of

interaction among civilizations by the example of the northern Black Sea regions. The fourth volume researches into the stages of the millennium life cycle of one civilization - Eastern Slavic beginning from its prehistory and nascence to transforma­tion into the extensive Eurasian civilization.

We anticipate the next fifth volume to publish in several languages: in printed and electronic form as the textbook “Civilizations: History and Future”. Thus not only researchers but also teachers and students will get a system-based and richly illustrated aid reflecting the views of the contemporary Russian civilizational school on one of the most acute problems of the century already in.

The sixth, completing volume will be dedicated to the integral global forecast of dynamics of civilizations in the 21^st c., we anticipate its appearing (in Russian and English) in 2009.

It seems that information contained in the book will turn to be beneficial for the readers in three ways. First, for further inquiries of scientists into the matters of civilizational develop­ment. Second, teachers, students and schoolchildren will get rich and multi-dimensional material on civilizational range of problems. Third, the book will give an impetus to the develop­ment of civilizational tourism (domestic and foreign travel as the book is placed on the Internet sites: www.kuzуk.ru and www. civil.newparadigm.ru— the best way of personal cognition of the essence and features of civilizations.

We highly appreciate the scientists who responded to our request and gave their writings to our book: R.A.S. Academician V.L. Yanin, R.A.S. corresponding member E.N. Nosov, N.A.S.U. corresponding member A.P. Motsya, Dr. Sciences A.I. Ageev, V.N. Bulatov, S.A. Bessonova, V.I. Guplev, E.L. Gorokhovsky, A.N. Kirpichnikov, L.S. Klichko, B.V. Magomedov, A.N. Oblomsky, M.A. Ostapenko, Yu.V. Razuvaev, S.A. Skory, R.V. Terpilovksy, G.V. Troyanovsky, B.A. Shramko, and also L.D. Malygin.

We feel hopeful that this book will become a valuable aid in studying the history of Russia, Eastern Slavic and Eurasian civilizations in schools and higher educational institutions and support for evolving educational civilizational tourism arming new generations with authentic knowledge on complex civiliza­tional processes, richness of historical and cultural heritage of Russia.

Prof. B.N. Kuzyk —R.A.S. Corresponding Member,

Director of the Institute for Economic Strategies

Prof. Yu.V. Yakovets —R.A.N.S. Academician, President of the Pitirim Sorokin — Nikolai Kondratieff International Institute

AFTERWORD

Lessons and Heritage of the Eastern Slavic Civilization

What lessons can be drawn from the millennium path laid above of the establishment, development and decline of the Eastern Slavic civilization?

First lesson. The historical path of the Eastern Slavic civi­lization ran in the tideway of the world civilizational process inherent to local civilizations of the third generation, fourth world civilization — Medieval, the initial stage of the second historical super cycle. This refers not only the chronological framework of such civilization — from the 6^th to the 15^th cc. but its distinc­tive: a growing role of cities as the centers for shaping the nucleuses of civilizational progress; intensification of market relations, various trade exchange as the basis of economic unity of civilizations under the remaining role of natural-patri­archal order in the village prevailed by its number — periphery of civilization; establishment and strengthening of the state as a prime “bond” of civilizational unity; the leading role of religion not only in spiritual life but political and economic relations. Hence, the Eastern Slavic civilization was not unique, exclusive; general regularities and tendencies of civilizational progress at the given stage of historical path of humanity, global civilization manifested themselves in its dynamics and fate.

Second lesson. At the same certain special features distin­guishing it from other local civilizations of the third generation were inherent to it. Unlike overpopulated western European, Byzantine, Indian, Chinese civilizations, it took its stand on the extensive area with a low density of population, expansive forest areas and abundance of fur-bearing animals, in more severe climate conditions that limited the opportunities of its contacts and at the same time it gave scope for colonization and develop­ment of new lands. The geographic range of civilizations ex­panded with the lapse of time, and in the periods of its rise it became the largest civilization of the third generation. The Eastern Slavs escaped the period when the slavery system prevailed, and feudal relations were not originally such cruel as in western and oriental civilizations. Senses of freedom, inde­pendence in struggle against forces of nature and clashed with neighboring states and civilizations were incident to the Slave to a greater extent. The Orthodoxy also playing a significant role in the establishment and life activity of the ancient Russian state was tolerable and less cruel than the Byzantine and Catholic churches. It was nothing similar here to the Byzantine icono­clasm or Catholic inquisition with prosecution and destruction of nonconformists.

Third Lesson. The Eastern Slavic civilization has a relatively open and mixed nature; it emerged and developed on the

thoroughfares of the dialogue among civilizations, at the cross­ings of trade exchange between civilizations of the West, Orient and South. It took a lot from neighboring civilizations digesting, synthesizing and enriching the borrowed in own civilizational pot. The civilization itself also was of a poly-centric nature. A democratic veche system of the Novgorodian Republic, cruel monarchic system of Kievan Rus, influence of neighboring Khazarian and Polovtzian contacts, impact of the semi-cente­nary Mongolian civilization, the tribal system persisted for many years and pre-Christian beliefs of the tribes of the Russian North, impact of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric roots in the Eastern Slavic civilizations combined fancifully in it complementing each other. The versatility and multi-dimensionality of this civilization has determined its rich spiritual world and diversity of socio­political system, viability in the clash with other civilizations and states.

Fourth lesson. The life cycle of the millennium Eastern Slavic civilization included repeated periods of falls and civili­zational catastrophes when it seemed that the life cycle termi­nated, rises and revivals, periods of the prevalence of centrifu­gal or centripetal forces. Where in the periods of rises the centripetal forces prevailed, political, economic, spiritual unity of civilizations intensified, it entered the ranks of world leaders. On the contrary, strengthening of centrifugal tendencies, disin­tegration and confrontation of the components making civiliza­tion weakened it making easy game for aggressive neighbors.

Fifth lesson. The completion of the life cycle of the Eastern civilization is not connected with its defeat and division between aggressive neighboring civilizations as it was the case with the Mongolian and Byzantine civilizations. It transformed into the more powerful and extensive Eurasian civilization of the fourth generation. Although such transformation occurred more pain­ful and was accompanied by a civilizational catastrophe of the beginning of the 18^th c. — the Eurasian civilization revived and established itself as one of the leaders of early industrial and industrial world civilizations undergoing two catastrophes on its path — at the beginning and the end of the 20^th c. where the latter completed its life cycle and became the starting point of next transformation — into the Eurasian civilization of the fifth generation of a new format.

The heritage of the Eastern Slavic civilization was not lost or thrown back to the civilizational dump. It was received and developed by the Eurasian civilization, and it is now useful for surmounting a civilizational crisis. What is such heritage?

First, the priority of spirituality as a prime civilizational “bond”. The utmost rich culture, collectivist ethics humanistic in its foundation, religious and civilizational values persisted and were enriched at the first stages and completed in the 19th and 20th cc. with a width and depth of a scientific search. It servednot only a spiritual foundation of the Eurasian civilization but constituted the utmost valuable contribution of the Russian culture and science in the development of the world civilization. The attempts undertaken in the 20^th c. to implant oriental or western systems of civilizational values in Russian fell short, and brought many a loss.

Second, openness and sensitiveness inherent to the Russian civilization in relations with other civilizations, commonness and close political and economic ties with other civilizations (under preservation of own values and maintenance of national inter­ests) were taken by the Eurasian civilization and played an outstanding role in its life cycle. In the early industrial and in­dustrial epochs the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union were the only power (apart from the Japanese civilization which was on the periphery and was closed in itself for a long period) which counteract a planetary aggression of the western European civilization and a growing activity of the Moslem civilization (Ottoman Empire) and contributed to the preservation and en­richment of civilizational diversity. Concurrently, the Eastern Slavic civilization, and then the Eurasian civilization made a weighty contribution to the development of the dialogue among civilizations and their cross-fertilization, being a bridge between the West, East and South by its geographical position.

Third, the Eastern Slavic civilization has accumulated abun­dant experience which is highly valuable and may be imbibed and developed in the 21^st c. in the establishment of the fifth generation of civilizations. This is a combination of the market basics with a significant role of governmental regulation. This is a democratic system of the Novgorodian Republic united the people power and a relative independence of territorial entities with the centralized power of the prince under separation of powers. This is a mutually complement of personal freedoms with a collective spirit and moral responsibility.

Fourth, an infinitude of monuments of ancient Russian ar­chitecture, culture and art preserved in the centers of Kievan Rus, Novgorodian Republic, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus and other Russian principalities serve as a basis for not only development of cultural-historical and civilizational tourism but for aesthetic upbringing of contemporary and future generations, preservation of continuity in civilizational values and revival of high culture.

Thus, the immersion into the history of the Eastern Slavic civilization does not only help to uncover fuller and deeper a bright page in the world history of civilizations but also pres­ents one of the fundamental basics in the establishment of a humanistically noospheric post-industrial civilization, integral socio-cultural system, multi-polar world order which rests on the dialogue and partnership among civilizations.